Majalisar Tsarin Tsarin Karfe A Kan-Gidan + Haɗin Gine-gine na Gina Aikin Gina + Mahimman Abubuwan La'akari

Gabatarwa:A cikikarfe tsarin yi, "ground assembly + heavy-crane integral hoisting" (assembling the structure completely on the ground and lifting it into position as a single unit using heavy cranes) is one of the most cost-effective, safe, and quality-controlled construction methods available today.

Idan aka kwatanta da "Maɗaukakin Maɗaukakin Maɗaukaki" (haɗa abubuwan haɗin kai gaba ɗaya a cikin iska), wannan hanyar tana da matukar muhimmanci rage aiki mai haɗari a tsayi, rage ƙimar lahanin walda, da sarrafa nakasar tsarin yadda ya kamata. Koyaya, yana buƙatar tsayayyen shiri na wurin ƙasa, saitin jig ɗin taro mai mahimmanci, ƙididdige ƙididdiga na injiniya mai ƙarfi, da sigina da umarni mara aibi.

A ƙasa akwai cikakkiyar jagorar fasaha donon-site karfe tsarintaro da haɗin kai-tsara tare da bayyanannun ayyukan aiki da aiki, madaidaiciyar buƙatun fasaha don sauƙin tunani.

I. Babban Bayani na Hanyar Gina

Ayyukan Gina Aikin Gina: Kayan aikin masana'antu na kayan aikin karfe a cikin sassan → A kan taron ƙasa a kan jigs → Gyara walda, dubawar walda (NDT) & fenti mai taɓawa → Ƙaƙwalwar haɗin kai guda ɗaya zuwa matsayi → Gyarawa da daidaitawar tsari.

Mabuɗin Amfani

•  Aiki na tushen ƙasa gaba ɗaya: Ana yin ayyukan farko a ƙasa, tare da rage haɗarin faɗuwa da haɗari mai tsayi.

•  Ingantacciyar da za a iya sarrafawa: Haɗawa, walda, da daidaitawa suna faruwa a cikin barga, mahalli mai sauƙi, tabbatar da daidaito da haɓaka inganci.

•  Ingantacciyar Gine-gine: An rage girman walda mai tsayi da ƙugiya, yana haɓaka ci gaban gini sosai.

Iyakance

• Ana Bukatar Babban Wurin Taro: Yana buƙatar fili mai faɗi, mataki, da ingantaccen yanki na ƙasa don haɗuwa a kan rukunin yanar gizon.

•  Kayan Kayayyaki masu nauyi & Tsantsan dubawa: Yana buƙatar manyan cranes na ɗagawa da ƙididdige ƙididdiga na injiniya don yanayin ɗagawa da ƙarfin ɗaukar ƙasa.

Abubuwan da suka dace

Bude-site karfe tsarin gini, kamar manyan tarkace na ƙarfe, na'urorin ƙarfe na rufin, firam ɗin ƙarfe da yawa, da majalissar katako mai nauyi mai nauyi.

II. Cikakkun Ƙirar Gina Aikin Gina

Daidaitaccen Tsarin Tsarin Guda: Shirye-shiryen Gina → Matsayin Yanar Gizo & Ƙarfafawa → Saitin Jig & Karɓa → Karɓar Na'urar & Sake dubawa → Majalisar ƙasa → Ayyukan Welding → Gwajin Weld (NDT) & Taɓawar Fenti na Anti-lalata → Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa Daidaita Daidaita & Gyaran Wuta na ɗan lokaci → Sake duba Gatura & Girma → Haɗin Dindindin & Tsayawa → Cire Riging → Yarda da Aikin → Rushewar Majalisar Jig

1. Shirye-shiryen Gina Farko (Mafi Mahimman Mataki)

Idan shiri na farko bai isa ba, batutuwa kamar nakasar tsari, jujjuyawa, ko kurakuran girma na iya faruwa cikin sauƙi yayin taro da ɗagawa. Mai da hankali sosai kan waɗannan mahimman ayyuka guda 4:

•  Shirya Farko: Shirya ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin ɗagawa. Don babban haɗari, ayyuka masu mahimmanci, nazari na ƙwararru da amincewar hukuma sun zama tilas. Cikakkun ƙididdige ƙididdiga na injiniya don yanayin aiki na crane, damuwa memba, ƙarfin ɗaukar ƙasa, da nauyin ɗagawa.

• Tabbatar da Material & Takardu: Duba takaddun shaida na masana'anta, rahotannin gwajin niƙa (MTR), bayanan gwaji na masana'anta (NDT), da takaddun tabbatar da ƙima. Hana hana duk wani abubuwan da ba su dace ba shiga wurin aiki.

• Tsare Tsaren Tsare-tsaren Yanar Gizo: A bayyane ya keɓance yankuna daban-daban don ajiyar kayan aiki, aikin haɗa ƙasa, da tafiye-tafiyen crane/matsayi. Don tushen ƙasa mai laushi, tono kuma musanya tare da ƙwaƙƙarfan cikawar baya, ƙarami, da shimfida/taurare ƙasa a gaba.

• Takaitaccen Bayanin Tsaro na Mutum: Welders, masu aikin crane, masu sigina, da riggers dole ne su riƙe ingantattun takaddun shaida. Gudanar da cikakken aminci da bayanan fasaha ga duk ma'aikata, yana fayyace nauyin mutum ɗaya da hani na aminci.

2. Majalisar Jig Saita da Karɓa

Jig ɗin taro (firam ɗin tallafi na ƙasa) yana da mahimmanci don daidaitaccen taro. Haɗin kai na yau da kullun ko maras inganci, tsarin gyare-gyare an hana su sosai!

•  Amfani Ƙarfe Tsari na Tsari: Ƙirƙirar jigs ta amfani da daidaitattun sassan ƙarfe na ƙasa don tabbatar da isasshen ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali, hana daidaitawar ƙasa, jujjuyawar tsari, ko girgiza bayan lodawa.

• Madaidaicin Saiti da Matsayi: Daidaita layukan jagora; sarrafa gaturun grid sosai, tsayi, da daidaito. Don manyan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, ginawa a cikin pre-camber (na niyya zuwa sama) bisa ga ƙayyadaddun ƙira don magance sagging na gaba a ƙarƙashin nauyin sabis.

•  Saɓan Bincike & Sa hannu: Dole ne a gudanar da bincike na musamman bayan kammala saitin jig. Yi rikodi da adana duk ma'auni na girma, girma, da ma'auni. Za'a iya amfani da jig ɗin kawai bayan an gama sa hannu

3. Bayarwa da Matsalolin ƙasa

Haɗin ƙasa shine maɓalli na tsari don sarrafa ingancin tsarin gaba ɗaya. Daidaitaccen sarrafawa yana da mahimmanci:

•  Binciken Bangaren Shiga: Bincika kowane sashi yayin isowa don bayyanar, nakasar jigilar kaya, suturar kariya, da daidaita ramin kusoshi. Daidaita kuma gyara duk wasu ƙananan nakasu kafin haɗuwa.

•  Matsayin Jig & Daidaita: Bayan abubuwan zama akan jig, yi amfani da jacks na hydraulic da igiyoyi masu kyau don daidaitawa da sarrafa tsayin daka, layin axis, tsayi, tazarar tushe (ratar haɗin haɗin gwiwa), da daidaitawa ta tsaye.

•  Tack walda ta Certified Welders: ƙwararrun masu walƙiya dole ne su yi walda (wankin riƙon ɗan lokaci). Tsawon weld ɗin tack da girman ƙafar fillet dole ne su dace da ƙa'idodin fasaha, hana porosity, fasa, da sauran lahani na walda.

•  Symmetrical Welding & Stress Relief: Welding na yau da kullun dole ne ya bi ka'idodin "welding na simmetrical" da "welding na baya-baya" (walda a gajeriyar sassa daban-daban) don sakin yanayin zafi daidai da kuma rage warping. Don faranti na ƙarfe mai kauri, aiwatar da preheating da sarrafa zafin jiki mai tsaka-tsaki.

• Tabbatar da Tattaunawa Bayan Taro: Bayan an gama taro, a sake auna ma'auni gabaɗaya, ƙimar camber, da madaidaiciyar gefe don tabbatar da cikakken yarda da ka'idojin injiniya da zanen ƙira.

4. Weld dubawa da Anti-lalata Paint touch-up

• Gwajin mara lalacewa (NDT): Yi Gwajin Ultrasonic (UT) ko Gwajin Radiyo (RT) kowane ƙayyadaddun ƙira. Duk wani weld ɗin da bai dace ba, dole ne a fitar da shi gaba ɗaya, a sake welded, kuma a sake gwada shi har zuwa 100% na cancantar.

•  Weld Cleaning & Repainting: Niƙa mahaɗaɗɗen haɗin gwiwa santsi, cire tsatsa, slug, da spatter, da sauri yi amfani da madaidaicin riga-kafin lalata da rigar saman don tabbatar da ci gaba da ingantaccen tsarin sutura.

•  Kariyar saman ƙasa: Kare saman haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, ramukan kulle, da gamammiyar fenti daga spatter walda, gurɓataccen mai/ gurɓataccen mai, da tarkace.

5. Abubuwan Dagewa da Zaɓin Riga

Dokokin Tsaro na Ƙaƙwalwa: Kada a taɓa canza wuraren ɗagawa ba tare da izini ba, kar a taɓa haɗa rigingimun da ba su dace ba, kuma kada a taɓa yin abubuwan da aka haɗa zuwa ga sojojin da ba su dace ba.

•  Amfani da Ƙararren Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙaƙwalwa: Yi amfani da riga-kafi da aka riga aka tsara, injinan masana'anta na ɗagawa (idon pad). Waɗanda ba a yarda da su ba a kan wurin ko haƙon rami don wuraren ɗagawa an hana su sosai. Duk welds masu ɗagawa dole ne a yi gwajin NDT 100%.

•  Kididdigar Ƙarfin Riga: Zaɓi igiyoyin waya na ƙarfe, ƙuƙumi, da ɗaga majajjawa tsantsa bisa ƙididdige lodi, haɗa abubuwan aminci masu ƙarfi. An haramta yin lodi sosai.

•  Masu kariya na kusurwa: Sanya masu kariyar kusurwa (masu laushi/ masu gadin baki) a kowane kusurwoyi masu kaifi da gefuna na membobi na karfe don hana igiyoyin waya yanke ko lalacewa.

• Ƙarfafawa na ɗan lokaci: Ƙara ƙwanƙarar takalmin gyare-gyare na wucin gadi/mambobi zuwa sassan siriri ko siraran bango (kamar dogayen ƙugiya) don hana karkatarwa, murɗawa, ko nakasar gida yayin ɗagawa.

6. Gwajin ɗagawa na gwaji (Bai kamata a taɓa tsallakewa ba)

Tashin gwaji shine shingen tsaro na ƙarshe akan hatsarori.

•  Dagawa da Juya: A hankali ɗaga sashin 200-300 mm nesa da jig ɗin taro, kuma riƙe shi a dakatar da shi a cikin iska na mintuna 5 zuwa 10.

• Cikakken Dubawa: Dubawa sosai: yanayin lodi a wuraren ɗagawa, nakasawa, jujjuyawar membobi gabaɗaya da na gida, kwanciyar hankali na crane, daidaita ƙasa a ƙarƙashin magudanan ruwa, da duk wani tsangwama ko ɓata a kan jig.

•  Rauni nan da nan akan rashin daidaituwa: Idan an ga wata hayaniya da ba a saba gani ba, hargitsin tsari, ko tsattsauran ra'ayi mai wuce kima, mayar da abun cikin jig nan take. Haɓaka na yau da kullun na iya ci gaba bayan an amince da ayyukan gyara.

7. Cikakkun Tattaunawa, Matsayi, da Tsaro na ɗan lokaci

•  Haɗin kai Siginar Mutum Guda: Dole ne a gudanar da ayyuka ta hanyar kwamandan sigina guda ɗaya da aka naɗa ta amfani da daidaitattun siginar hannu da umarnin murya. An haramta siginar mutane da yawa da ayyukan rikice-rikice.

•  Motsin Crane mai laushi: Haɗawa, slewing (swinging), da luffing (boom derricking) dole ne su kasance santsi da sannu a hankali. Guji tsayawa ba zato ba tsammani, juyawa mai kaifi, ko nauyin girgiza. Dole ne ma'aikatan da ke ƙasa su yi amfani da layukan tag ( igiyoyi masu jagora) don daidaita al'amuran ɓangaren da kuma hana karo tare da tsarin da ake ciki.

• Matsayi & Taimako na Gaggawa: Da zarar an zaunar da masu goyon baya na dindindin, daidai-daidaitaccen daidaita gatura, ɗagawa, da tudun ruwa a tsaye. Nan da nan shigar da struts na goyan bayan ɗan lokaci kuma ƙara ƙara igiyoyin guy.

•  Babban Safety Jan Layin: Kada a taɓa sakin ƙugiya har saitsarin karfeyana samar da tsayayyen tsarin tsari mai dogaro da kai.

8. Haɗin kai na Dindindin da Ayyukan Kammalawa

•  Ƙarfin Ƙarfi na Farko: Ba da fifikon ɗaure mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Bibiyu sosai a bi jerin matakan ƙarfafa matakai biyu: "Tighting Farko → Ƙarshe Ƙarshen Ƙarfafawa". Yi alama a fili a kowane kusoshi bayan dannewa na ƙarshe don hana ƙulle-ƙulle da aka rasa, sako-sako, ko magudanar ruwa.

•  Akan-Splice Welding: Yi kan-site welding and splice welds in multi-pass layers, da gudanar da gwaje-gwaje marasa lalacewa (NDT) da sauri bayan kammalawa.

•  Gabaɗaya Tsarin Sake Aunawa: Sake auna duk gabaɗayan girma, tsayi, da ƙimar karkacewa. Da zarar an sami bokan a matsayin masu yarda, a amince da wargaza kayan ɗagawa, goyan bayan ɗan lokaci, da jig ɗin taron ƙasa.

• Gyaran Rufe & Karɓa: Haɓaka duk ɓarna na hana lalata da kuma rufin wuta a duk wuraren da abin ya shafa don kammala shigarwar da aka gama.

III. Mahimman Rigakafi Akan Wuri (Masu Mahimman Matsalolin Gujewa)

1. Matsalolin Kula da Ingancin Majalisar

•  Solid Jig Foundation: Ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin jig ɗin taron dole ne ta kasance mai ƙarfi, mai dunƙulewa, da matakin. An haramta aikin taro a ƙasa mai laushi ko ƙasa mai cike da ruwa a lokacin damina don hana daidaitawa.

•  Maƙaƙƙarfan Ikon Kambari: Daidaita saita pre-camber (na niyya zuwa sama) don manyan mambobi bisa ga ƙimar ƙira. Bincika ma'auni sau biyu kafin taro da bayan taro don hana faɗuwar ƙasa bayan kafawa.

•  Ƙuntatawar Weld ɗin Yanayi mai tsanani: Nan da nan dakatar da waldawar iska yayin iska mai ƙarfi, ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara, ko yanayin sanyi. Tabbatar cewa an bushe saman saman ƙarfe da ke da ɗanɗano tare da dumama fitilu kafin a ci gaba da walda.

•  Kare Babban Ƙarfi na Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa: Ƙarfafa ƙwaƙƙwarar abin da ya faru na haɗin gwiwa. An haramta niƙa, gurɓataccen mai, ko ƙonewar walda, yana tabbatar da ƙimar zamewa ta dace da ƙa'idodin injiniya.

2. Layukan Jajayen Layukan Tsaro na Tilas

•  Harancin Yanayi: An haramta hawan hawan lokacin iska mai ƙarfi na Ƙarfi 6 da sama (gudun iska ≥ 10.8 m/s), hazo mai yawa, ruwan sama mai yawa, ko lokacin da hasken dare bai isa ba.

•  Taimakon Crane Outrigger: Dole ne a sami cikakken goyan bayan na'urorin fitar da crane ta faranti mai kauri mai kauri a kan ƙasa mai ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan rarrafe don hana tsinke kirgi ko wuce gona da iri.

• Yanki Mai Tsare Tsare Tsare: Kafa tsayayyen shinge da share yankin keɓewa a cikin radius ɗin aiki na crane. An hana ma'aikatan da ba su izini ba shiga, wucewa, ko zama a yankin.

•  Kafin-Shift Rigging Experience: Bincika duk kayan aikin ɗagawa, kayan aikin riging, da igiyoyin waya kafin kowane motsi na aiki. Sauya nan da nan idan igiyoyin waya da suka karye, wuce gona da iri, ko kinks/nakasawa sun wuce iyakoki da aka halatta.

3. Hatsari na gama gari da matakan rigakafi

•  Lalacewar Ƙaƙƙarfan Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwa: Ƙirar ƙira da aka riga aka saita, ƙara matakan ƙarfafa wucin gadi, bi jerin walda mai ma'ana, da aiwatar da cikakken gwajin yanayin ɗagawa.

•  Rashin Cigawar Lug: Yi ƙira na musamman don ɗaga ƙwanƙwasa, tabbatar da cikakken walƙiya tare da duban NDT 100%, da kuma hana wuraren ɗagawa da ba a yarda da su ba.

•  Crane Ground Settlement ko Tipping: Tabbatar da taurare ƙasa a gaba, sanya faranti mai nauyi a ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwa, da saka idanu kan daidaitawar ƙasa yayin ɗaga gwaji.

•  Rashin Tsarukan Tsari Bayan Sanya: Shigar da igiyoyi na guy da kuma matakan tallafi na wucin gadi, tare da tabbatar da ƙa'idar: "Kada a saki ƙugiya na crane kafin a kiyaye tsarin."

•  Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfi: Ƙaƙƙarfan kare yanayin tuntuɓar juna, yi amfani da daidaitattun hanyoyin ƙara ƙarfin juzu'i, da duba da kuma yi alama-launi kowane ɗaki bayan kammalawa.

IV. Takaitawa

The core management dabaru naon-site karfe tsarin tarokuma za a iya taƙaita haɗe-haɗe kamar: madaidaicin taron ƙasa, sarrafa jig mai tsauri, ƙididdige ƙididdiga mai tsauri, ɗagawa mai santsi da tsayayye, kuma ba za a taɓa sakin ƙugiya ba kafin a kulla.

Ta hanyar kulawa da ginshiƙai masu mahimmanci guda huɗu - ingancin jig, nakasar walda, yanayin ɗagawa, da kwanciyar hankali na ɗan lokaci-mafi yawan lahani na gine-gine da haɗari na aminci za a iya hana su, samar da amintaccen, abin dogaro, da ingantaccen bayani don manyan injiniyoyin ƙarfe na ƙarfe.